A letter from Oregon
Written by Clarborne Campbell Walker
Submitted by Pamela Paulin
Oregon Territory “Willamette Valley”
1845
Dear Brother, Sister and Friends,
We left Independence on the 6th of May and
arrived at the dolles on the 6th of October---We might have arrived
sooner but being in a company that had poor cattle we was detained
on that account, saying by 27 days on the Rout, of the
Rout I shall not say much as I will send you a copy of notes taken
by me which will give you every days travel. The trip to
Oregon is not as bad as I expected though it is a long road to travel,
but the time passes off briskly or did to me. From
Independence to Fort Hall the road is very good, the Black Hills being
the worst which are not as bad as I expected,
though. From Fort Hall to the dolls is some good road and some
bad. Some part of this end of the road there is
considerable rock and the dust is worse having the Blue Mountains to
cross, but by the time you reach them your loads are
lighter. The dolles are situated at the foot of the Cascade mountains.
There is a missionary station here. It is called 120
miles from here to Oregon City. On arriving here we found 2 boats
plying from here to the Cascades a distance of 40
miles and below these, 2 other boats from there to Linton. These
boats belong to Dr. McLaughlin which he loaned to
assist the Emigrants in getting down. For a family and baggage
they charge $10. to $20.00. Some get down in these boats
whilst others got canoes from the Indians and some made rafts and decended
to the Cascades, a fall in the Columbia that
boats cannot go over. A great many left their wagons at the mission
until spring. We had a very favorable time the first
part of the trip to what the two other Emigrations had before us, having
good roads all the way, no mud. A great many of
our campany ran out of provisions before reaching the dolles and those
that had let them have, on arriving at the Umittila
River they obtained potatoes and peas of the Indians, having to pay
high prices in clothes. They trade in shirts altogether.
At the dalls we found flour here at $8.00 per hundred cash.
But so many being here that had no money, they bought
wheat at the mission and ground it on a hand mill.
We were advised to drive our cattle down the
river from here, as the Rout across the mountains for 30 or 40 miles
there was not much grass and those that had got here before us had
principally gone over the mountains. We drove them
down the south side of the river about 30 miles and then swam
them over to the north side which we found to be very
troublesome. From there to Vancouver or 6 miles below we forrged
them back to the south side, thence up to Linnton.
This Rout we had plenty of grass, but no road only a pack trail and
very rocky. We had rain on us nearly every day from
where we grouped our cattle at first until we arrived at Vancouver,
getting there on the 1st of November. We were nearly
four weeks in getting down, they go across the mountains in 7 and 8
days though some longer. A great many cattle lost in
the mountains this season. Doak and his family went down the
river, arrived at Linnton the 15th of October. We left our
wagon at the mission, when we got our cattle to Linnton we borrowed
a wagon and on the 8th of Nov. we left Linnton for
Rickreall which is about 70 miles by land. For 10 miles the road
very bad, tremendous mountains to climb, dense forests
of timber from 150 to 300 ft. high and arrived in the Tualtine Planes,
which were on the west side of the Willamette river
about 15 miles in width surrounded with the best timber you ever saw,
principally fir. The soil of these are not as rich as
the country above, not so well watered. There is a weede here
and in other parts of the valley called Ferrn which interfers
with the crops very much. From the Planes we traveled through
the Yamhill country which is a beautiful part of the valley.
Principly praire, high rolling swells with considerable white oak on
the hills and around the edge of the fir groves; fir on the
Branches and creeks, valleys between these hills very rich, noble springs
breaking out of the hills. These hills or high lands
are throughout the valley, so far as I can see they resemble an old
orchard at a distance very much. There can be valuable
farms made on the most of them, the soil on them is very rich and of
a reddish cast, producing excellent crops. It is not
uncommon to see elder growing on them from 3 to 5 inches in diameter.
Thense to the Rickreall, rich soil here, timber
rather scarce. The country can be settled by making use of the
oak timber for fencing. The oak in this country is shorter,
get from 1 to 2 rail cuts from a tree sometimes 3, rare chance, splits
excellently. The claims are being taken up here. We
went 10 miles farther to the Luckamute where we got a cabin to go into,
then we started out to select claims; we did not
succeed in a selection to suit altogether; best claims are taken up.
We then rented a farm on the east side of the Willamette
about 4 miles north of the Mission mill and living here yet.
About 40 acres in cultivation, we get plows, harrows and seed
found and get one half. We have sown about 25 or 30 acres this winter
and still sowing. We have not selected claims as
yet. This valley is from 50 60 80 miles in width and supposed
to be from 2 to 3 hundred in length. The farther up the
valley you go the better the soil and the climate is better farther
south. There are numerous streams rising in the mountains,
Cascades and the range along the coast flowing east and west and emptying
into the Willamette River, along these streams
there is timber, principaly fir. This timber generaly splits
well the nearer the top the better it splits. You get from 5 to 14
cuts off a tree. There is considerable ash and maple here along
the water courses. The country is not suited to agricultural
pursuits as it is gravely, valued mostly for its timber and fur.
I have seen several gentlemen that have been 30 or 40 miles
up the valley, they state that the country improves in soil and the
valley becomes wider. There was a small companie
traveled up the valley last summer about 30 miles south from
here they came to a small stream which they followed down
about 15 miles to its mouth where it empties into the Pacific.
At the mouth of this stream they state there is a good harbor
there being a sand bar at its mouth. The Indians informed them
that there was 12 feet water on the bar at the lowest tide
and also informed them that down the coast there was a good country
on the coast. A considerable valley on this stream
and could be a good road got down to the coast. There is considerable
valleys south of this Umpqua valley, Roug’s River,
Klamet River valleys, extensive valleys the climate is much better.
I would refer you to L.W. hastings account of Oregon,
California for a general description of the country. He describes
it very well, so far as I have seen. The eastern section of
Oregon, about 1/2-part suited for agriculture whilst 1/10 may be found
to be tolerably well adapted to pastures, the middle
section of Oregon may be 1/10 part suited to agriculture, whilst 1/5
to grazing. The western section is by far the most
interesting part of Oregon. The climate is better in this section,
the soil richer, the valley more extensive. The climate is
milder here at 50 degrees north, than 40 degrees on the Atlantic coast.
The greatest objection I see to this coontry is the
rainy or wet season, which generally commences the 20th of October
and ceases about the middle of February. This has
been what the old settlers call a cold winter, there has not been as
much rain as usual, it rained about 8 days in November,
the same in December, January it rained about 1/3 of the time.
There has been no snow here this winter and I have not
seen any ice in any of the streams. The ground at one time was
frozen about one, two or three inches, at the
commencement of the rains here the grass commenced growing and grew
all winter. This winter has appeared more like
spring to one than winter. The most objection to Oregon is the
agricultural portions of the country are too remote from the
ocean or navigation. These are about all the objections I see
to this country, with the great difficulty of getting to it. The
advantages which this country has over the western states are too numerous
to mention. The country on the Columbia
from Linnton to the mouth, a distance of about 120 miles is not suited
to agricultural pursuits. That is principally timberland
country and the soil is gravelly. There is a settlement at Astoria,
great mill privileges along down here and splendid timber.
Ships can come up to Oregon City in high water. There has
been a town laid off this fall 8 miles below Oregon City at the
head of ship navagation, called Portland, by Mr. Lovejoy and Pettigrove.
Oregon City is improving very fast, it is situated
at the fall of the Willamette river on the east bank. Extensive
water power here and is bound to become a great
manufacturing town, if Oregon ever makes anything and all it wants
is protection by the United States. There are 3 stores
in Oregon City, 2 flouring mills, 2 saw mills, a church and another
going up, brick, besides shops of all kindsand a number
of dwellings, two taverns. Town lots are worth from 2 to 8 hundred
dollars in produce or property. Dr. McLoughlin has
removed to Oregon City and intends becoming an American citizen if
the United States takes possession of the country .
Mr. Douglas is in charge in Vancouver, he contends for the country
north of the river. The people here do not aprehend
much danger from England.
They sow wheat here from October to May and
they usually get from 20 to 40 bushels to the acre and I heard Dr.
White say he made 50 1/4 to the acre. It would do your
eyes good to see the wheat they make here. It is not suitable for
corn though, the nights are said to be too cool during the summer.
Irish potatoes do extremely well here, the best potatoes
I ever saw. Sweet potatoes have not been tried, turnips grow
fine. I have seen them larger by one half than I ever saw in
Missouri. Oats grow fine, peas, beans, cabbage, onions, parsnips,
lettuce, pumpkins, watermelons and all kinds of
vegetables do well. Farming utensils cost high. Plows from
20 to 30 dollars. Iron costs from 8 to 12 cents, steel from 30
to 50 cents. Dry goods and groceries are not very plentiful,
clothing is not so high in proportion to groceries. Coffee is
worth 25 cents per pounds, sugar 12 1/2 cents tea from a dollar to
2 dollars per pound. Goods and groceries were much
cheaper here three years ago than they are at present. We want
men here with capital to carry on trade with the Islands.
Sugar I am informed can be purchased at the Islands for 3 and 4 cents.
Coffee from 8 to 10 cents and frequently up. We
can buy first rate blankets here for 5 dollars, excellent quality.
Molasses is worth 55 cents English measure, which is about
1/4 larger than American measure. Salt can be bought at Vancouver
for 70 cents by the measured bushel, which is about
equal to two bushels in weight. Their measures are much larger
than ours. Wheat is worth a dollar per bushel, though for
cash it can be bought for 50 cents, oats 40 to 50 cents peas one dollar,
potatoes 40 to 50 cents. Oxen are worth 75 to
100 dollars per yoke in wheat or other produce. Milch cows 40
to 50 dollars bred. American horses from 100 to 200
dollars. Bollivar has been offered 200 dollars for his mare,
in currency. Common labor from 1 dollar to 1 1/2 dollars per
day. Mechanic from 2.50 to 3.50 per days, tools found.
Wagons are worth from 75 to 100 dollars. We have a mixed
community here, people from all parts of the world, English, Americans,
French, half-breeds, Quartroons, and Sandwich
Islanders. The later are in the employment of the Hudson Bay
Company. The French are good citizens, Roman Catholic
and living in the neighborhood of the Catholic Mission. The English
and the Americans get along very peaceably. The
Columbia river is navigable to about 50 miles above Vancouver which
would be about 170 or 180 miles from the mouth.
The Willamette river is navigable above the falls for a small steamer
some distance. It is not bin explored more than 20
miles above this place. Mill sites are plenty here. Springs
are common but not so essential as in the States. The creek and
branch water is cool and good all year the soil looks to be as rich
as soil of the mission on the Willamette. This country, I
believe to be healthy in the extreme. The winters are mild and
pleasant. The ground seldom ever freezes and the summers
are said to be lovely and picturesque beyond description, having a
regular sea breeze here throughout the summer. It
seldom ever rains here after the wet season ceases, though last season
they had showers on till the first of June. They have
some ague and fever though it is more mild than in the States.
No bilious types or nervous fevers bin known here. There
has bin two ships in the Columbia this winter, an American merchant
one and an English Man of War which is lying in
Vancouver, yet the American vessel is lying in the Willamette river
at Portland about 6 or 8 miles from its junction. The
printing press arrived on this vessel, they will have it in operation
in a short time.
I have written you three letters since I left
home. One from Caw river, one from Ft. Laramie and one from Boisia
river
by Dr. White who was returning to the States with three other gentlemen.
It is reported that they have bin murdered by
Sioux Indians. This information was received from Ft. Hall.
I am inclined to think it is not correct. L.W. Hastings, on his
way to California, not meeting them, supposed they were murdered, tho
they did not intend to follow the old trace all the
way. Leaving it between Ft. Hall and Briger, leaving Ft. Laramie
to the left.
I have given you all the information concerning
the country that I am able at this time. I will give some instructions
how
to equip yourself to come to this country in case you should ever wish
to do so. You should procure strong 3 horse
wagons or light 4 horse, very strong and durable, well ironed.
The tires should be very tight or they will get loose. It would
be well to have bolts put through the tires and fellows with base beds
about 11 ft in length, made as tight as possible having
the side pieces one plank on each side with braces on each side at
the top of the bed, preventing the rain from beating in.
Have a falling tung, by all means double cover all over with cotton
drilling. In case you should undertake this trip you
should have two wagons, one for your family and the other for your
provisions. Have one half or double the team that is
necessary on ordinary roads, for cattle have the foot evil considerable
on this trip a great many are left on this account. The
best remedy for this is powder mashed up put in old bacon fat and put
on moderately warm. Your oxen should be young
sound cattle, close made from 3 to 6 years old not over 6 by no means,
as many of them leaders as convenient. Young 3
and 4 year old steers are very easy broken on the road, if you have
other cattle that are gentle. Good strong cows answer
very well if in good order. Drive some milch cows and heifers
though they are considerable trouble. Have 200 pounds
flour for everyone who eats, 75 or 100 pounds bacon. Our bacon
and flour held out well, we had some of each when we
got to the Dalls and we sold or gave away 150 pounds of flour and some
bacon. We started with 1000 pounds of flour
and 475 pounds of bacon, one bushel of dry fruit for every two persons,
10 pounds of salt, 10 to 15 pounds coffee, 20 or
25 pounds of sugar and some beans would be good. A good rifle
gun, 10 pounds of lead, 5 pounds of powder. The old
musket that I left would be worth 100 dollars if I had it here to kill
geese and ducks and if you ever come here bring it with
you. Good dogs are very valuable here, blood hounds particularly,
We want them to run wolves they are plenty here.
They interfere with the raising of hogs very much. Hogs do well
here, there is a root called Camerores (camas lily) which is
very abundant that is great for hogs and Oak mast. You should
start from Independence by the 1st of May or sooner if the
grass will answer. The grass will be getting better every day
til you get to Ft. Hall, from there to the Blue mountains you
will find the grass poor in places. From the Blue mountains the
grass is good, you should aime to travel as near in front of
the companies as possible on account of the dust and the grass.
Have your cattle in good order when you start, travel
steady. Lay by no more than is necessary to wash. You should
aim to get in a company that has good teams, wagons and
plenty of provisions Do not dispense with your provisions for
if you let it go you will never get it afterwards. Travel in a
company of 30 or 40 wagons all the way. They travel from Ft.
Hall to the Dalles generally in smaller companies but they
have been imposed on by being in small parties and some have bin robbed.
The trip I believe could be made from
Independence to the Dalles in two months by traveling steady.
You should aime to get there as soon as possible on
account of the rain. we were not troubled by the Indians.
In the dangerous part of the country keep a strong watch all the
way especially at night. In traveling through the Pawnee and
Sioux Indian country, persons should not leave the company
for if these Indians catch three or four men they will rob them and
sometimes take their scalps. When you come to the
Sioux and Shoshone Indians you will have to give the Sioux some presents
if you meet a party, they are met in large parties
on sweet water. We did not see any of them after leaving Ft.
Laramie. You should bring some old flintlock guns to trade
with the Snake Indians, they have the best horses on the route, and
some rings, trinkets and speckled calico shirts, cheap
quality. You travel among the Snakes until you arrive at Ft.
Boisia. On arriving at the Grand Round valley you meet with
the Skyanys (Cayuse) and WallaWallas. The later are the meanest
Indians this side of the mountains. Their territory
extends down to within 100 miles of the Dalles, they are found all
along the Columbia to the Dalles. The Skyanys generally
are Christians and are the most civilized of any Indians on the route.
The Indians of this valley consists of 4 or 5 small
tribes, perfectly inoffensive, they haven’t the courage to collar a
hen generally. They are hired to work by the whites and
they generally work well for Indians. They are diminishing very
fast by veneral disease. The Indians of Oregon are very
different from those east of the mountains. The Skyanys and Nezperce
are getting all the cattle they can. They traded for
goodly numbers from our immigrants, trading their horses. Give
a horse for a cow and calf generally. They have large
herds of horses. You should bring some American mares with you.
We succeeded in getting ours through safe, they were
a great deal of trouble. Bring shoes and nails to shoe them.
They will not want shoeing until you reach Laramie. You
should bring clothes enough to last a year from the time you leave,
principally woolen clothes, as they are the best on the
route and after you get here. Have your wagons so as to sleep
in them much better than to sleep on the ground, especially
in wet weather. Bring your beds for there are few feather beds
here. Plenty of feathers but they are not to be obtained at
all times. Bring on the fowles, bring plenty of shoes and boots
for they cost very high here. There is but one tannery in the
country as yet and they haven’t much leather yet. Shoes they
make at this tannery sell for 6.00 a pair.
A part of our immigrants attempted to make
a cut off from Ft. Boises or 15 miles this side of the valley. They
were led
in here by Steven L. Meek, the gentlemen that our company hired as
guide at Caw river, he is well skilled in living. They
traveled over a tremendous rough country and finally found their way
to the Dalles but a great many of them suffered very
much from water and provisions. There were a great many died
after and before arriving at the Dalles. A Mr. Barlow and
others attempted to escape the Cascade mountains with their wagons
but it getting late in the season they had to abandon
them after getting about 50 miles from the Mission. They say
they will get a road through that will be practicable for
wagons. The hills are not as bad as anticipated. Dense
forest of timber to cut through, the greatest obstacle in the way.
The Legislature has given S. Barlow a charter for the road and he intends
to cut it through in the spring. It is in
contemplation to cut a road through the Cascades about 50 miles south
of this road but whether it will be done is uncertain.
There is a halfbreeds talks of undertaking it in the spring, is to
turn off at Boisia. Mountaineers say there can be a good
road got through this way, but in general they are such liars there
is no certainty in what they say. Cooking utensils is very
hard to get here, they are very scarce and cost high. Bollivar’s
health has improved very much. He looks better and is
fleshier than I ever seen him. His cough has nearly left him,
he is well pleased with the country. We have the best beef here
you ever saw. They kill beef at any and all times of the year
and as fat as any State fed beef you ever saw. Bollivar and I
are living with A. J. Doak as yet. Doak’s family are all well.
His wifes in better health than she has had for several years.
Her breast is getting well very fast and without physical aid.
She is fleshier than she ever was. All well pleased with the
country, they send their respects to you and the family.
C.C. and W. B. Walker
Note: The original at one time was in the possession of Eleanor
Purvine Miller who transcribed this letter and several other
ones. This letter has had some of the misspellings and punctuation
corrected by the transcriber. The original author was
Claiborne Campbell Walker( born Wythe County Virginia 1 March 1819,
died 30 December 1902, Polk County,
Oregon) along with brother Wellington Bolivar Walker (born 17 March
1824 Wythe County, Virginia, died 16 February
1904 Walla Walla County, Washington, buried Spring Valley Church, Polk
County, Oregon). They settled Spring Valley,
Polk County, Oregon. A.J. Doak (born 1816 Campbell County Tennessee,
died 22 August 1885, Cottage Grove,
Oregon) was the founder of Lincoln a now defunct location on
the Willamette about 8 miles north of Salem on the west
side of the river. His wife Rebecca McConnell died 29 March 1854
after being bedridden for over a year with a breast
ailment.